Research study
ADU production against housing need, jurisdiction by jurisdiction
Californian cities are assigned a housing need every eight years. This measures how much of what they are actually permitting is accessory dwelling units — and it is careful about what that does and does not mean.
Written by HyreADU Research Desk Primary-source research and data analysis
Audited by HyreADU Research Desk Denominator discipline and scope-of-claim review
The finding
In some large California cities, the accessory dwelling unit is no longer a supplement to housing production. It is a large fraction of it, and in one case a majority. Joining HCD’s Annual Progress Report ADU permit counts to the state’s own 6th-cycle RHNA progress file, ADUs account for 52.1% of every housing unit Long Beach has permitted so far in its planning period, 39.1% in unincorporated Los Angeles County and 37.5% in the City of Los Angeles — against 5.5% in Fresno and 6.6% in San Francisco.
The spread across ten jurisdictions is about 9 to 1. Measured against the allocation instead of against production, every one of them is small. Long Beach’s ADU permits equal 9.7% of its total eight-year allocation; Los Angeles’s 6.3%.
Those two shares answer different questions and this page never mixes them. Three words, kept apart throughout. Permitted is a permit issued. Completed is a certificate of occupancy — statewide, ADU completions have run at 57.3% of ADU permits since 2018.
Need is an allocation: a planning obligation to zone and to remove constraints, not a construction target a city fails by under-building.
One thing this page cannot tell you. RHNA is assigned by income category and the Annual Progress Report data we hold carries no affordability field on the ADU rows, so every share here is against a jurisdiction’s total allocation and total production.
No figure on this page says ADUs are meeting a very-low or low-income allocation.
Read this first — the three words this page keeps apart
- Permitted, completed and need are three different things
Permitted means a building permit was issued and reported to HCD. Completed means a certificate of occupancy was reported — statewide, ADU completions have run at 57.3% of ADU permits since 2018, and our permits-versus-completions study takes that gap apart.
Need is a Regional Housing Needs Allocation: a number a council of governments assigns to a jurisdiction, which the jurisdiction must plan and zone for. Every column on this page is labeled with which of the three it is.
- This is a contribution measure, not a scorecard
RHNA covers every housing type and four income bands. ADUs answer part of it.
A jurisdiction whose ADU share is low is not thereby failing — it may be permitting large numbers of apartments instead, which is what its allocation mostly asks for.
Nothing on this page ranks jurisdictions on performance and nothing here should be quoted as though it did.
- We cannot assign ADUs to an income category, and that limit is severe
RHNA is allocated in four bands: very low, low, moderate and above moderate. Statewide the 6th cycle assigns 642,151 very-low-income units and 384,113 low-income units, and progress against those bands is far behind progress against above-moderate (338,529 of 1,049,216 permitted).
The APR ADU rows we hold carry no affordability field, so we cannot say what share of these ADUs counted toward which band. Every share on this page is against a total. Do not read any of them as an affordability claim.
- The cycle windows differ, and so do our year cuts
Sixth-cycle planning periods begin on different dates by region — 30 April 2021 for San Diego, 15 May 2021 for Sacramento, 15 October 2021 for the SCAG region, 31 January 2023 for the Bay Area, 31 December 2023 for Fresno.
We count ADU permits only in the full calendar years that fall inside each jurisdiction’s own period, and we publish which years those are on every row.
A jurisdiction with two elapsed years is not comparable to one with four on the allocation-share column, and the table says so.
- The numerator and denominator come from the same source computed two ways
The ADU permit counts are our own event-deduplicated counts from APR Table A2 — deduplicated because the raw file double-counts a permit reported in more than one year, by 16.5% of naive permits statewide.
The all-types unit counts are HCD’s own published RHNA Progress rollup, which we did not recompute. Two slightly different treatments of the same underlying file, so the shares are close approximations rather than exact ratios.
- And four jurisdictions are unusable in the underlying file
HCD’s Table A2 contains 4 jurisdictions that report substantial ADU permits and literally zero ADU completions across multiple years, which is a reporting artefact rather than a fact about buildings. None of them is in this study’s ten, but their existence is a reminder that the APR is self-reported by jurisdictions and its quality varies.
What RHNA is, and what it is not
Every eight years the state determines a regional housing need, a council of governments distributes it to the jurisdictions in its region, and each jurisdiction must adopt a housing element showing how it will accommodate its share.
The allocation is split into four income bands, and the housing element has to demonstrate zoned capacity and identify constraints for each.
It is a planning obligation, not a construction quota. A city does not build housing; it permits it.
A jurisdiction that permits a quarter of its allocation has not necessarily failed at anything — although a jurisdiction that has not zoned for its allocation, or has not removed the constraints it identified, has a different and much more consequential problem.
Fact. HCD’s own RHNA Progress Report for the 6th cycle, retrieved on 2026-09-05, covers 539 jurisdictions with a combined allocation of 2,495,457 units and 477,627 units reported permitted so far — 19.1%.
The state’s own description of the file is: “Show sum of units reported on the annual progress report, Tables A and A3 (2013-2017) and Table A2 (since 2018).”
The band imbalance is the fact most worth carrying into everything below. Above-moderate-income permitting is at 32.3% of its allocation. Very-low-income permitting is at 6.0%. Those are not close, and any statement about ADUs “helping meet housing need” that does not say which need is a statement with the important word missing.
And that is precisely the statement we cannot make. We do not know which band these ADUs were counted in, because the data we hold does not carry it. What follows is a production measure, honestly labeled.
Two shares, two denominators, one very common mistake
The two bars on each row of that chart are answers to two different questions, and the difference between them is where almost every misreading of this topic comes from.
The navy bar asks: of the housing this jurisdiction has actually permitted in this cycle, how much of it is ADUs? That is a question about the composition of production, and it produces the striking numbers: 52.1% in Long Beach, 39.1% in unincorporated Los Angeles County, 37.5% in the City of Los Angeles.
The gold bar asks: how much of the whole eight-year allocation do those ADUs represent? That is a question about scale against need, and it produces small numbers everywhere — 9.7% even in Long Beach, 0.5% in San Francisco.
HYRE analysis. Both are true and they are not in tension. ADUs are a large share of a small amount of production.
Long Beach has permitted 18.6% of its allocation with roughly four years of an eight-year cycle elapsed; that ADUs are more than half of that tells you what kind of housing is getting built when housing gets built, not that the allocation is being met.
The one exception on the chart is worth naming. Unincorporated San Diego County has permitted 92.2% of its total allocation — far ahead of every other jurisdiction here — and ADUs are 24.1% of that allocation on their own.
It has a small allocation (6,700 units against Los Angeles’s 456,643) and a lot of single-family land, which is the combination in which ADUs can genuinely move an allocation.
The join, jurisdiction by jurisdiction
Every number in the chart, plus the components. Read the “years counted” column before comparing any two rows: jurisdictions are at different points in different cycles.
| Jurisdiction | Planning period | Years counted | ADU permits (HYRE, deduplicated) | ADU completions | All units permitted in cycle (HCD) | ADU share of permitted units | Total RHNA allocation | ADU permits as share of allocation | Cycle progress, all types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long Beach | 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 2,571 | 2,284 | 4,931 | 52.1% | 26,502 | 9.7% | 18.6% |
| Unincorporated Los Angeles County | 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 3,969 | 2,369 | 10,164 | 39.1% | 89,302 | 4.4% | 11.4% |
| Los Angeles | 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 28,951 | 19,514 | 77,296 | 37.5% | 456,643 | 6.3% | 16.9% |
| Unincorporated San Diego County | 04/30/2021 - 04/30/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 1,617 | 1,302 | 6,176 | 26.2% | 6,700 | 24.1% | 92.2% |
| San Diego | 04/30/2021 - 04/30/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 6,965 | 2,340 | 36,533 | 19.1% | 108,036 | 6.5% | 33.8% |
| Oakland | 01/31/2023 - 01/31/2031 | 2024, 2025 | 405 | 436 | 2,535 | 16.0% | 26,251 | 1.5% | 9.7% |
| San José | 01/31/2023 - 01/31/2031 | 2024, 2025 | 1,060 | 725 | 7,819 | 13.6% | 62,200 | 1.7% | 12.6% |
| Sacramento | 05/15/2021 - 05/15/2029 | 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 | 1,282 | 866 | 14,024 | 9.1% | 45,580 | 2.8% | 30.8% |
| San Francisco | 01/31/2023 - 01/31/2031 | 2024, 2025 | 401 | 467 | 6,086 | 6.6% | 82,069 | 0.5% | 7.4% |
| Fresno | 12/31/2023 - 12/31/2031 | 2024, 2025 | 188 | 57 | 3,415 | 5.5% | 36,866 | 0.5% | 9.3% |
ADU permits and completions: HYRE event-deduplicated counts from HCD Housing Element APR Table A2, retrieved 2026-09-05, restricted to the full calendar years inside each jurisdiction’s own 6th-cycle planning period. All-types units permitted, allocation and cycle progress: HCD’s published 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report (resource 1e80a9cf-724c-432d-8374-e9708a6a92dc), retrieved 2026-09-05, HCD last-updated 2026-09-04T15:44:00Z.
Do not compare the allocation-share column across rows with different year counts. Bay Area jurisdictions began their cycle on 31 January 2023, so they have two elapsed calendar years here against four for the SCAG and San Diego jurisdictions.
Their allocation shares are correspondingly and mechanically lower, and that is arithmetic rather than a finding. The ADU-share-of-permitted-units column, by contrast, is a composition ratio within the same window and is comparable across rows.
The statewide position
HCD’s own 6th-cycle rollup, by income band, with the ADU comparison held deliberately at arm’s length because the windows do not match.
| Income band | Allocated across 539 jurisdictions | Permitted so far | Progress |
|---|---|---|---|
| Very low income | 642,151 | 38,748 | 6.0% |
| Low income | 384,113 | 57,550 | 15.0% |
| Moderate income | 419,977 | 42,800 | 10.2% |
| Above moderate income | 1,049,216 | 338,529 | 32.3% |
| All bands | 2,495,457 | 477,627 | 19.1% |
HCD 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report, retrieved 2026-09-05, HCD last-updated 2026-09-04T15:44:00Z. These are HCD’s figures, not HyreADU calculations.
The ADU comparison, offered as an approximation and labeled as one. Across calendar years 2022 to 2025, California jurisdictions reported 119,174 ADU permits in Table A2 on our event-deduplicated count.
Set against the 477,627 all-types units in the RHNA progress file, that is roughly 25%.
It is not a clean ratio: cycle start dates run from April 2021 to December 2023, so the two figures cover overlapping but different periods, and the numerator is our deduplication while the denominator is HCD’s rollup.
We publish it because a rough statewide anchor is genuinely useful and because burying it would be worse than labeling it. It is an approximation, not a statistic.
The gap between a permit and a home
RHNA progress is measured on permits, and permits are the right unit for a planning obligation — a jurisdiction controls permitting and does not control whether a household finishes a project. But a homeowner, a policymaker and a housing reporter all want to know about buildings.
Fact. Statewide, on our event-deduplicated count of APR Table A2, 178,495 ADU permits were reported between 2018 and 2025 and 102,356 ADU completions — a cumulative ratio of 57.3%. Following projects as cohorts, 78.9% of matched projects complete within one year of the permit year and 93.9% within two; the median lag is 1 year.
The completion columns in the table above carry the same caveat. Long Beach reports 2,284 ADU completions against 2,571 permits in its cycle years, a ratio of 89%. San Diego reports 2,340 against 6,965, 34%.
Some of that difference is real; some of it is that a permit issued in 2025 has not had time to finish; and some of it is reporting practice, which varies by jurisdiction more than anyone would like.
Do not compute an ADU share of completions from this page. The RHNA progress file counts permitted units, not completed ones, so there is no completion denominator to divide into.
We could construct one and it would be a worse number than the honest absence of one. Our permits-versus-completions study is where that question is handled properly, with cohorts.
Method
Two state files, one join, and every judgment call named.
- 1 The ADU numerator
HCD Housing Element Annual Progress Report Table A2, downloaded from data.ca.gov: 922,102 rows of which 281,321 carry
UNIT_CAT = 'ADU'.Permits are counted on a unique (jurisdiction, project identifier, building-permit issue date) event and assigned to the calendar year of that date.
Deduplication matters: the naive year-by-year sum double-counts 35,237 permit units statewide, 16.5% of the naive total.
- 2 The RHNA denominator
HCD’s 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report, CKAN resource
1e80a9cf-724c-432d-8374-e9708a6a92dcon data.ca.gov, queried directly through the portal’s datastore API on 2026-09-05. Fields: allocation and units permitted for each of the four income bands, plus the jurisdiction’s planning period. We did not recompute HCD’s rollup and we do not present it as ours. - 3 Aligning the windows
Each jurisdiction’s planning period is read from the RHNA file itself. ADU permits are summed only over calendar years wholly inside that period. That is conservative — it discards the partial start year — and it is the only defensible cut given that Table A2 is annual and cycle start dates are not 1 January.
- 4 The ten jurisdictions
The largest ADU-permitting jurisdictions in the state plus the two unincorporated county areas that appear in the top twenty, which between them cover the range from very high to very low ADU share.
This is not a random sample of California and is not offered as one; it is the set for which we hold year-by-year APR detail.
- 5 What we refused to compute
An ADU share by income band, because the data carries no affordability field for these rows. An ADU share of completions, because the RHNA file has no completion denominator. A ranking of jurisdictions on RHNA performance, because that is not what a contribution measure supports and it is not our judgment to make.
- 6 Reproducibility
Both files are public and downloadable. Table A2 is at https://data.ca.gov/dataset/81b0841f-2802-403e-b48e-2ef4b751f77c/resource/fe505d9b-8c36-42ba-ba30-08bc4f34e022/download/tablea2.csv; the RHNA 6th-cycle file at https://data.ca.gov/dataset/ff082e96-72f7-4443-9747-8b8dadc15671/resource/1e80a9cf-724c-432d-8374-e9708a6a92dc/download/rhna_progress_6.csv. Anyone can rebuild every figure on this page from those two, and we would rather they did than take our word for it.
If you are quoting this
The defensible sentence is: “Accessory dwelling units account for 52.1% of the housing units Long Beach has permitted so far in its sixth-cycle planning period, on a join of HCD’s Annual Progress Report to the state’s RHNA progress file.”
The sentence that is not defensible is: “Long Beach is meeting 52% of its housing need with ADUs.” Those ADUs are 9.7% of its allocation, we cannot say which income band they counted toward, and the majority of the allocation remains unpermitted.
And a jurisdiction with a low ADU share is not thereby doing badly. It may be permitting a great deal of multifamily housing, which is what most of a RHNA allocation asks for. This page measures composition, not effort.
Terms, used precisely
- RHNA
- Regional Housing Needs Allocation. A number of units, split into four income bands, that the state determines for a region and a council of governments distributes to each jurisdiction for an eight-year planning period.
- Planning period
- The eight years a RHNA allocation covers. Start dates vary by region: 30 April 2021 (San Diego), 15 May 2021 (Sacramento), 15 October 2021 (SCAG), 31 January 2023 (Bay Area), 31 December 2023 (Fresno).
- Permitted
- A building permit issued and reported by the jurisdiction to HCD. The unit RHNA progress is measured in.
- Completed
- A certificate of occupancy reported to HCD. Statewide, ADU completions run at 57.3% of ADU permits since 2018. Not the unit RHNA progress is measured in.
- Income band
- Very low, low, moderate, above moderate. RHNA is allocated in all four. The ADU rows we hold carry no band, which is why no share on this page is a band share.
- Contribution measure
- A measure of how much of something a category accounts for. Not a performance measure, and not a scorecard. Everything on this page is the former.
Questions
What share of California housing production is ADUs?
Do ADUs count toward RHNA?
Is a city with a high ADU share doing well or badly?
How much of its RHNA has California permitted?
Which jurisdiction gets the most housing out of ADUs?
Why do the Bay Area jurisdictions look so much lower?
Are these completed homes?
Can I reproduce this?
Written and audited by
HyreADU Research Desk
Primary-source research, data analysis and fact checking
We are a research desk, not a builder. We read the permit extract, the statute, the HCD return or the fee schedule ourselves, and publish each figure with its source and retrieval date.
Where a number cannot be traced to a primary source, we leave it out and say what we could not verify. Our store-based claims cover California only.
- CA
- the only state this desk will make store-based claims about
- 5
- jurisdictions with extracted ADU permit evidence
- 735
- CSLB-verified companies in the California store
- 0
- national claims from a one-state store
How this desk works
- Primary sources only. Permit counts come from the city or county that issued the permit. Production counts come from HCD’s Annual Progress Report. Rents come from HUD or the Census. We do not cite an article that cites a source; we download the source and compute the figure ourselves.
- This is a California site. The company store is 734 California firms and one New Mexico firm. Permit evidence exists for five named jurisdictions: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento, San José and unincorporated Marin. A number from that store is titled to those places, never to the United States.
- A permit is not a completion, and a license is not an ADU grade. California licenses no ADU classification. Being named on an ADU permit is evidence of engagement in that jurisdiction, not of quality, completion, or work anywhere else. Owner-builder permits are excluded from contractor counts.
- Calculation is labeled as calculation. Figures we derive are never presented as something HCD, HUD, the Census or a city published. Terner Center research is cited as Terner’s, never restated as ours.
- We do not design, permit or build ADUs, and we take no payment for placement, ranking or a favorable mention. Pages that look like rankings are not: they publish public-record counts and let the reader decide.
- Nothing here is legal, tax or financial advice. Zoning, underwriting and appraisal practice vary by jurisdiction, lender and appraiser. The useful next step on a specific lot is the planning counter and a licensed professional.
Data as of HCD Housing Element Annual Progress Report Table A2 (922,102 rows, 281,321 ADU rows) and the 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report, both retrieved from data.ca.gov 2026-09-05. HCD’s own last-updated stamp on both: 2026-09-04T15:44:00Z.. Authorship on this site is organizational: the analysis belongs to the desk rather than to a named individual, and we do not publish credentials we do not hold.
Our editorial policy sets out how we source, date and correct what we publish.
Sources & retrieval dates
- California HCD — 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report (data.ca.gov) , CKAN resource 1e80a9cf-724c-432d-8374-e9708a6a92dc. Queried directly through the portal’s datastore API on 2026-09-05. Fields per jurisdiction: planning period, and allocated and permitted units for very low, low, moderate and above moderate income. HCD’s own description of the dataset, quoted: “Show sum of units reported on the annual progress report, Tables A and A3 (2013-2017) and Table A2 (since 2018).” Last updated by the publisher 2026-09-04T15:44:00Z. Statewide totals on this page are sums over the 539 jurisdictions in the file. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
- California HCD — 6th Cycle RHNA Progress Report, direct CSV download , The downloadable file behind the API query, published so that every figure on this page can be checked against the source rather than against us. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
- California HCD — Housing Element Annual Progress Report, Table A2 , 922,102 rows of which 281,321 carry UNIT_CAT = 'ADU', covering 511 jurisdictions reporting ADU permits between 2018 and 2025. The source of every ADU permit and completion count on this page. HCD notes that prior-year data are not complete until 30 June; this extract was retrieved after that date. Table A2 has no separate junior-ADU category, so JADUs appear only where a jurisdiction coded them as ADU. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
- California HCD — Housing Element APR Table A2, direct CSV download , The file itself, as downloaded and analyzed. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
- California HCD — Housing Element Annual Progress Report data dashboard , HCD’s own presentation of the same data, used to confirm that our event-deduplicated permit counts are in the right neighborhood of the department’s published figures before any of them were used. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
- California HCD — Annual Progress Report frequently asked questions , The department’s own guidance on how jurisdictions should report permits and certificates of occupancy, and on when prior-year data can be treated as complete. The basis for treating the 2025 reporting year as usable in a September 2026 extract. Retrieved 2026-09-05.
Production statistics do not decide your lot
A city permitting a great many ADUs tells you the ordinance is workable. A high citywide count does not tell you whether yours fits, what it would cost, or what it might return. Those are lot-level questions.
HyreADU does not design, permit or build accessory dwelling units. This page is informational and is not legal or policy advice.
It is a contribution measure, not a scorecard: a low ADU share is not evidence that a jurisdiction is failing, and nothing here ranks jurisdictions on housing performance.
Permitted, completed and need are three different quantities and are labeled separately throughout; a Regional Housing Needs Allocation is a planning obligation to zone and to remove constraints, not a construction target.
No figure on this page is an affordability claim. RHNA is allocated by income band; the ADU rows in the Annual Progress Report data we hold carry no affordability field, so every share here is against a jurisdiction’s total allocation or total production and none of them says what any of these units rent for.
The statewide ADU-share figure is explicitly an approximation, because sixth-cycle planning periods begin on five different dates.
Annual Progress Report data are self-reported by jurisdictions and their quality varies; HCD’s files were retrieved on 5 September 2026 and both carry a publisher timestamp of 4 September 2026.